How can nematodes move from one field to another?

Nematodes can move from one field to another through several pathways, and the correct choice highlights some of the most common methods. Movement via dust storms, contaminated machinery, and floodwater represents significant vectors for nematodes dispersal.

Dust storms can lift tiny nematode eggs or larvae, allowing them to travel considerable distances, potentially landing in new fields where they can establish themselves. Contaminated machinery is a crucial factor as equipment that has been used in infested fields may carry nematodes on its surfaces or within soil residues, facilitating their transfer to clean fields. Additionally, floodwater can sweep nematodes from one area to another, helping them migrate into previously uninfested regions.

This multi-faceted dispersal capability is critical for understanding nematode management and the importance of practicing hygiene and sanitation measures in agricultural settings to prevent the spread of these pests. Other options may suggest ways nematodes could theoretically move, but they lack the practical and widespread implications recognized in agronomy.